It means very small. (Childish.)
"I remember when you were just an itty-bitty baby." - "Gramma sewed with itsy-bitsy stitches."
Kamis, 23 Agustus 2012
IDIOM - "itty-bitty" / "itsy-bitsy" / "incy-wincy"
IDIOM - "itty-bitty" / "itsy-bitsy" / "incy-wincy":
It means very small. (Childish.)
"I remember when you were just an itty-bitty baby." - "Gramma sewed with itsy-bitsy stitches."
It means very small. (Childish.)
"I remember when you were just an itty-bitty baby." - "Gramma sewed with itsy-bitsy stitches."
Which or That?
GRAMMAR RULE - Which or That?
It's essential (and non-essential) to know.
“That” restricts the reader's thought, directing attention to a specific bit of information to complete a message's meaning. “Which” is non-restrictive and introduces subsidiary rather than essential information to the meaning of the sentence.
Important note involving “which”: “Non-essential” does not mean that the information is not important or that it's not relevant. It just means that it's not essential, grammatically, to the meaning — the central understanding — of the sentence.
"The lawnmower that is in the garage needs sharpening."
We have more than one lawnmower. Only the one in the garage needs sharpening.
"The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs sharpening."
We have only one lawnmower. It's in the garage and needs sharpening.
"The statue that stands in the hall is on loan from the museum."
A number of statues are in the building. Only the one in the hall is on loan from the museum.
"The statue, which stands in the hall, is on loan from the museum."
Only one statue is under discussion. It is on loan from the museum and happens to be in the hall.
Summary:
Restrictive clauses (“that”) modify, focus and limit. Because the information they supply is essential to the intended meaning of the sentence, they are not set off by commas.
Non-restrictive clauses (“which”) do not limit the words they modify. They simply add information that otherwise would not be provided. Non-restrictive clauses are set off by commas because the information they provide is supplementary, not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
But there's “who,” too:
Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses need not begin with “that” and “which.” For example, if humans or animals with names are being discussed, “who” may become the appropriate choice for both kinds of clauses. In such cases, a comma all by itself can transform the meaning of the sentence.
"He helped the native guides who were sick with malaria."
No comma appears before “who.” Therefore, what follows is a restrictive clause. Not all the guides had malaria.
"He helped the native guides, who were sick with malaria."
Putting the comma before “who” makes what follows a non-restrictive clause. It also changes the sentence to mean that all the guides had malaria.
"Got it? I hope so" (the concept of restrictive/
No “who” or “which” or “that”?
Restrictive and non-restrictive elements are not always introduced by relative pronouns. Sometimes they simply are treated as essential (restrictive) or non-essential (non-restrictive) elements. In such cases, too, the comma is crucial to the meaning.
"He went downtown to pick up his wife, Judy."
The addition of the non-restrictive element here merely provides us with the name of his wife — his only wife. Because he has but one wife, her name is not essential to the reader in identifying her. Therefore, it makes it non-restrictive or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence and is set off by a comma.
"He went downtown to pick up his wife Judy."
The omission of the comma creates a restrictive clause, of course. Now we are implying that he's a bigamist or lives in a culture that allows more than one wife.
"My brother, Ken, worked for a TV ratings company."
This indicates that I have but one brother and his name is Ken. Because I have but one brother, his name is a non-restrictive element or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence. You don't need his name to know the exact person I'm talking about. Therefore, it is set off by commas.
"My brother Ken worked for a TV ratings company."
Ahhh, this says I have more than one brother. And it's essential to know his name, otherwise you, the reader, wouldn't know which brother I'm talking about. So, no commas!
(Whereas, the commas around “the reader” in the above sentence are needed because “the reader” is non-restrictive -- not essential in identifying yourself to you! Got it?)
source: English Second Language Chat Page
It's essential (and non-essential) to know.
“That” restricts the reader's thought, directing attention to a specific bit of information to complete a message's meaning. “Which” is non-restrictive and introduces subsidiary rather than essential information to the meaning of the sentence.
Important note involving “which”: “Non-essential” does not mean that the information is not important or that it's not relevant. It just means that it's not essential, grammatically, to the meaning — the central understanding — of the sentence.
"The lawnmower that is in the garage needs sharpening."
We have more than one lawnmower. Only the one in the garage needs sharpening.
"The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs sharpening."
We have only one lawnmower. It's in the garage and needs sharpening.
"The statue that stands in the hall is on loan from the museum."
A number of statues are in the building. Only the one in the hall is on loan from the museum.
"The statue, which stands in the hall, is on loan from the museum."
Only one statue is under discussion. It is on loan from the museum and happens to be in the hall.
Summary:
Restrictive clauses (“that”) modify, focus and limit. Because the information they supply is essential to the intended meaning of the sentence, they are not set off by commas.
Non-restrictive clauses (“which”) do not limit the words they modify. They simply add information that otherwise would not be provided. Non-restrictive clauses are set off by commas because the information they provide is supplementary, not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
But there's “who,” too:
Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses need not begin with “that” and “which.” For example, if humans or animals with names are being discussed, “who” may become the appropriate choice for both kinds of clauses. In such cases, a comma all by itself can transform the meaning of the sentence.
"He helped the native guides who were sick with malaria."
No comma appears before “who.” Therefore, what follows is a restrictive clause. Not all the guides had malaria.
"He helped the native guides, who were sick with malaria."
Putting the comma before “who” makes what follows a non-restrictive clause. It also changes the sentence to mean that all the guides had malaria.
"Got it? I hope so" (the concept of restrictive/
No “who” or “which” or “that”?
Restrictive and non-restrictive elements are not always introduced by relative pronouns. Sometimes they simply are treated as essential (restrictive) or non-essential (non-restrictive) elements. In such cases, too, the comma is crucial to the meaning.
"He went downtown to pick up his wife, Judy."
The addition of the non-restrictive element here merely provides us with the name of his wife — his only wife. Because he has but one wife, her name is not essential to the reader in identifying her. Therefore, it makes it non-restrictive or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence and is set off by a comma.
"He went downtown to pick up his wife Judy."
The omission of the comma creates a restrictive clause, of course. Now we are implying that he's a bigamist or lives in a culture that allows more than one wife.
"My brother, Ken, worked for a TV ratings company."
This indicates that I have but one brother and his name is Ken. Because I have but one brother, his name is a non-restrictive element or non-essential to the meaning of the sentence. You don't need his name to know the exact person I'm talking about. Therefore, it is set off by commas.
"My brother Ken worked for a TV ratings company."
Ahhh, this says I have more than one brother. And it's essential to know his name, otherwise you, the reader, wouldn't know which brother I'm talking about. So, no commas!
(Whereas, the commas around “the reader” in the above sentence are needed because “the reader” is non-restrictive -- not essential in identifying yourself to you! Got it?)
source: English Second Language Chat Page
Kamis, 02 Agustus 2012
Personal Pronouns
What are Personal Pronouns?
They are the following:
Source: English for SMK 1 (2008)
The other pronouns are Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, herself, himself, and themselves.
Look at the following picture to try to understand the use of pronouns
Source: Facebook Page of English as Second Language
We use pronoun I, You, etc (in the first column) to replace noun as Subject. For example, one of above sentence "John is talking to himself." can become "He is talking to himself."
The word "John" is replaced with "He" not "His", "Him" nor "Himself" because word "John" in the sentence is a subject. Therefore, word "John" is replaced with pronoun as subject that is "He".
Look at other examples below
# Saya bertemu dia (perempuan). >> I meet her.
'I' is used because 'saya' is a subject. 'her' is used from column object because 'dia' is an object.
# Itu adalah buku saya. >> That is my book.
Buku saya berwarna ungu. >> My book is purple.
"My" is used to show the owner of the noun that follow the word "my".
# Buku yang ungu adalah milik saya. >> The purple book is mine.
"mine" is used because it is followed by the noun.
# Dia membuat kue itu sendiri. >> She makes the cake herself.
References:
Pramesti, M. R. D, Pramono, W. S. & Suhermawan. (2008). English for SMK 1: Grade X. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
They are the following:
The other pronouns are Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, herself, himself, and themselves.
Look at the following picture to try to understand the use of pronouns
We use pronoun I, You, etc (in the first column) to replace noun as Subject. For example, one of above sentence "John is talking to himself." can become "He is talking to himself."
The word "John" is replaced with "He" not "His", "Him" nor "Himself" because word "John" in the sentence is a subject. Therefore, word "John" is replaced with pronoun as subject that is "He".
Look at other examples below
# Saya bertemu dia (perempuan). >> I meet her.
'I' is used because 'saya' is a subject. 'her' is used from column object because 'dia' is an object.
# Itu adalah buku saya. >> That is my book.
Buku saya berwarna ungu. >> My book is purple.
"My" is used to show the owner of the noun that follow the word "my".
# Buku yang ungu adalah milik saya. >> The purple book is mine.
"mine" is used because it is followed by the noun.
# Dia membuat kue itu sendiri. >> She makes the cake herself.
References:
Pramesti, M. R. D, Pramono, W. S. & Suhermawan. (2008). English for SMK 1: Grade X. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Introduction
In this case, introduction is when someone introduces her/himself to other(s) and when she/he introduces somebody or more to other(s).
Some of the words/phrases in English that can be used in introduction are the following:
Source: English for SMK 1 (2008)
Also, you can introduce yourself/selves like the following:
"Hi, my name is Mark Twain. You can call me Mark."
That is an example of short introduction. The underlined phrase can be replaced with "I am" OR "I'm". The phrase in italic, which tells a nickname, can be replaced with "Call me". Or the full sentence can become "Mark for short."
Here is an example of quite long introduction:
"Hello. My name is Ujang Sebastian. Ujang for short. I'm fifteen years old. I was born in Cimahi, in September third in 1999. I live in Cimahi. I study at SMK Berkarya."
In the example, Ujang greets with "Hello" and then he mentions his full name, nickname, place and date of birth, address, and his school.
After you can introduce yourself to others, it is also important to be able to introduce someone to others in English. The following are example of how you introduce someone to somebody else:
In the example in the table, someone is introducing Priska to Doni. After that, Priska greets Doni and vice versa.
References:
Kumalarini, Th., Munir, A., Setiawan, S., Agustien, H., Yusak, M. (2008). Contextual Teaching and
Learning Bahasa Inggris: Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah Kelas VII. 4th Ed.
Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Pramesti, M. R. D, Pramono, W. S. & Suhermawan. (2008). English for SMK 1: Grade X. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Some of the words/phrases in English that can be used in introduction are the following:
Also, you can introduce yourself/selves like the following:
"Hi, my name is Mark Twain. You can call me Mark."
That is an example of short introduction. The underlined phrase can be replaced with "I am" OR "I'm". The phrase in italic, which tells a nickname, can be replaced with "Call me". Or the full sentence can become "Mark for short."
Here is an example of quite long introduction:
"Hello. My name is Ujang Sebastian. Ujang for short. I'm fifteen years old. I was born in Cimahi, in September third in 1999. I live in Cimahi. I study at SMK Berkarya."
In the example, Ujang greets with "Hello" and then he mentions his full name, nickname, place and date of birth, address, and his school.
After you can introduce yourself to others, it is also important to be able to introduce someone to others in English. The following are example of how you introduce someone to somebody else:
Source: Contextual Teaching and Learning Bahasa Inggris (2008)
In the example in the table, someone is introducing Priska to Doni. After that, Priska greets Doni and vice versa.
References:
Kumalarini, Th., Munir, A., Setiawan, S., Agustien, H., Yusak, M. (2008). Contextual Teaching and
Learning Bahasa Inggris: Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah Kelas VII. 4th Ed.
Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Pramesti, M. R. D, Pramono, W. S. & Suhermawan. (2008). English for SMK 1: Grade X. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Greetings & Leave Taking
Greeting, according to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995), is "the first words used when one sees somebody or writes to somebody". It also can be defined as "an expression or act with which somebody is greeted" (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,1995). Greet itself, which is derivation of greeting,according to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995), means "to give a sign or word of welcome or pleasure when meeting somebody or receiving a guest."
So, if you meet someone, you will greet her/him/them with good greeting. For example, when a muslim meets another muslim, she/he says, "Assalamu'alaikum.". At that time, the muslim greets the another muslim.
Some words/phrases in English that can be used in greeting are the following:
Source: English for SMK 1 (2008)
In contrast to greeting, leave taking can be defined as an expression or act with which somebody is leaved. For example when an English teacher leaves a class, she/he says, "Good bye" OR "See you next week." and so on. Some of the words/phrases in English that can be used in leave taking are the following:
References:
Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pramesti, M. R. D, Pramono, W. S. & Suhermawan. (2008). English for SMK 1: Grade X. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
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